Aquatic Insect from Iran for Possible Use of Biological Control of Main Vector-Borne Disease of Malaria and Water Indicator of Contamination

Iran has a wide variety of zoogeographical regions and different seasons. Here are some important mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes normally live in waters. Its aquatic insect fauna is highly unexplored. To being resolved this faunal gap, a variety of literature records from previous century in different parts of Iran was reviewed. In some southern and southeastern foci in Iran, Malaria is still a main endemic disease which is unstable with two seasonal spring and autumn peaks even though Iran is lunching Malaria elimination. This review article showed the wide variety of aquatic insects throughout the country. Researchers can discuss water pollutant and its quality by using aquatic insect fauna as well as biological control for vectors. Types of aquatic insects and macroinvertebrates sampling can be useful for water quality monitoring as indicators. Looking at aquatic insects’ life in water could be one of the most cost-effective and the easiest method to assess the water contaminations by different pollutants and will provide a guideline for scientific communities and environmental agencies for decision making.


Introduction
There are some important arthropod-borne diseases in Iran including Malaria, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Visceral leishmaniasis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick relapsing fever, Furthermore scorpions are one of the risk factors for life in some parts, while other arthropod-related diseases such as myiasis exist more or less across the country. Some probable Arthropod-borne disease in the future may be: Q-fever, Papatasi fever, Tularemia, Rift valley fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile viruses, Lactodictism (spider bite), Plague, scabies, Nuisance insects of horseflies and Culicidae mosquitoes, Cockroach-borne diseases, damages by fire ants, blister beetles and bee stings.
In Iran with about 15000 annual cases of the disease in recent years, malaria is known as one of the most important parasitic infectious diseases. Locally transmitted cases have dropped to 500 recorded cases in 2013. Three most prevalence provinces in Iran are Sistan-Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Kerman which located in south and southeastern part of the country. The rifest route of transmission is immigration from Afghanistan and Pakistan to this area (Ministry of Health, annual report). You can find a considerable decline of malaria burden in Iran during last 20 years. The disease cases have been reduced from about 100000 cases in 1991 to 246 autochthonous cases in 2014. Most of the transmitted cases are reported from the south-eastern part of the country that is related to population traffic across Pakistan border beyond the difficulties in malaria control. Recent malaria number reported is 42 cases all over the country including 23 local malaria patients, 12 imported cases and seven relapsed ones before August 2016. Majority of researchers have worked on various aspects of malaria such as insecticide resistance monitoring (1-10) new records, sibling species and molecular studies (11-18). Some researchers have worked on vector control using novel methods (19-24), faunestic study (25-26), Larval control using various plants (3, 27-38), using bed nets and long lasting impregnated nets (39-46), Study on morphology (47-49), Malaria epidemiology (50-54) Malaria vector ecology (18, 39, 52, 55-60), Biodiversity (53, 61), Community participation (62), Vector control (63), Repellent evaluation (31, 64), susceptibility against insecticide (65)(66)(67), Anthropophilic index of malaria vectors (68)(69) Training (70) is nominated as malaria training center by WHO researchers also can find several reports on different aspects of malaria vectors done in recent years (21, [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]. Although Iran has a vast geographical area with a wide range of diversity in climate and animal including insects, its aquatic insect's fauna remains largely unexplored for years. With a total area about 1.65 million Km 2 , around 7% covered with water-Iran is one of the large countries ranked eighteenth in the world (88)(89). The aquatic insect has a critical role in biomonitoring of water safety or water contamination. It is inevitable to use such kind of insect to evaluate water quality as a biological indicator and can help us as water resource management. Aquatic insects a vital role in energy flow in fresh water and they are important in food web between aquatic animals.

Past century
Iran aquatic insects have been studied since 1965 by a hand full of researchers. Vassil Gueorguiev recorded Methles rectus from Iran, but he did not publish the exact location (88). Afterwards, in 1976 some researcher from another field such as environment researchers who surveyed on mayfly and stonefly to determine the acute metal toxicity of some heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, and silver. They were found more tolerant than most fish to heavy metals. This study indicated that aquatic insect can help us as effective biological monitors of heavy metals pollution (91). Subsequently a survey was conducted on water beetles of Southwestern Iran and reported Haliplidae (two genera, two species), Dytiscidae (16 genera, 24 species), and Gyrinidae (two genera, two species). Hydrophilidae (10 genera, 34 mostly unidentified species) (92). A researcher from a university of Shiraz focused on life history, morphology and behaviour of the immature stages of a coleopteran, Hydrophilidae in laboratory condition (93). After about 20 years of water beetle collecting from a wide range of area, habitat and provinces in Iran founded a small number of M. rectus sharp in a few places in Guilan Province in a collection made in 1976, 1993 and 1995 in Southern part of Caspian Sea, northern Iran (94).

Current century
During 2000-2002 a study on aquatic beetle of Tabriz region, East Azarbaijan, Northwestern Iran was conducted and four species out of five species of the family Hydraenidae reported a new record (95). During 2001-2005 some specimen collected by Vafaei et al. (96) in Markazi Province central Iran and they established the presence of 24 species of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera: Polyphaga) belonging to 13 genera and five families. In other publication, they claim that they found 33 species of diving beetles belonging to 18 genera during same time and same places (97). In 2005 another team worked on a descriptive study of aquatic insects' fauna in Kashan, central Iran. During nine rounds of sampling from four maturation artificial ponds they reported as fol-lowed: Diptera order (52%), including Chironomidae and Culicidae families, Hemiptera (24%) Corixidae, Notonectidae, Copepodae and Copepodidae families, Ciclopodidae (12%), Hydroacarina (9.5%), Coleptera (0.77%), Aranida (0.67%), Hymenoptera (0.58%), Odonata (0.48%) (98). In another publication, 31 different Plecoptera reported from different families and two families of Ephemeroptera (99).
During 2006 and 2007 39 species have been found belonging to 16 families in Zanjanrud, Zanjan Province. Three specimens belong to Lygaeidae, Scutelleridae and Reduviidae were identified at the genus level. Among them, there are some predators' species such as Anthocoris nemorum, Nabis pseudoferus, Notonecta viridis, Velia affinis, Gerris maculates, Hydrometra stagnorum. The most frequent Species belonged to Pentatomidae. All species were first records from the Zanjan Province (100).
Some families of Coleoptera such as Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Helophoridae and Hydrophilidae with a new record and notes on the rare species Coleostoma transcaspicum Reitter, 1906 from North part of Tehran Province was reported (101). Work on Odonata as effective predators in the rice field and other sites in Mazandaran Province North of Iran (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006). They found 30 species from 19 genera and eight families of Odonata (Anisoptera and Zygoptera suborder. In Anisoptera suborder, Aeshnidae, five species, one species of Corduliidae, two species of Gomphidae, 13 species of Libellulidae. In Zygoptera suborder, one species of Calopterygidae, six species of Coenagrionidae, one species of Euphaeidae, one species of Platycnemididae (102). A survey in Zayande Rud River in Esfahan Province, central Iran during one year and in eight stations who found that the water quality can have an effective impact on diversity and richness of benthic macroinvertebrate (103) recorded total of 47 species belonging to17 Families of Heteroptera in Ghara Dagh forest, East Azarbayjan, Northwestern Iran: Among them, the species Nabis pseudoferus, Notonecta viridis, Anthocoris nemorum, Velia affinis, Hydrometra stagnorum and Gerris maculates were predators. The most abundant species belonging to Pentatomidae. They reported 32 species as new records for the studied area. Newly introduced species, Stinctopleurus crassicornis and Stinctopleurus punctatonervosus, registered for Iran insect fauna (104).
In another study that carried out in East Azarbaijan Province on Heteroptera, they found 28 species from 12 families and Polymerus brevirostris Knight, 1925 was a new record (105). In Ardabil East Azarbaijan Province Northwestern Iran. Two species of aquatic beetles belonging to two genera that did not study before from two sampling site during 2000-2008. They faced Peltodytes Regimbart, 1878 and Haliplus Latreille, 1802 (106). A species Haliplus heydeni Wehncke, 1875 was a new record of Iran. In another teamwork in Neka County, the Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran five species of four genera were found in tree holes during 2009. They reported Anopheles plumbeus, Culisetaannulata, Culex pipiens, and Ochlerotatus geniculatus by larval collection, Ochlerotatus pulcritarsisby adult collection and Oc.geniculatus, 55.87%, Ochlerotatus echinus 1.33%, Oc. pulcritarsis 8.8%, Cx. pipiens 33.8%, and An. plumbeus 0.2% of bait net collection. They found some Cs. Annulata larvae in low abundance in cavities of trees for the first time (61).

Recent years
These days we are able to find some more articles about Iran aquatic insects that worked in a wide range of natural areas (Fig. 1). It seems more researchers know the importance of aquatic insects as biological control and water indicator and they are interested in investigating on them. In 2011 Salavatian et al. who worked on feeding behavior of Brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, published a paper that shows us this fish fed on 32 animal groups including some insects such as Chironomidae (88.6%), Simulidae (60%), Baetidae (51.4%) and Tipulidae (50%) that they were most frequent food in its gut. They showed that the proportion of consumed food by Brown trout was Diptera 91.5% (Chironomidae pupa and larvae 85.8%), Coleoptera 6.4% and others 2.1% (109). Other team surveyed aquatic insects' fauna of Karun River, Ahvaz City, Khuzestan Province, Southwest of Iran. They reported 57 species belonging to seven orders and 22 families, Collembola (1 species), Ephemeroptera (4 species), Odonata (6 species), Hemiptera (9 species), Coleoptera (34 species), Diptera (2 species) and Trichoptera (1 species). The most abundant species in this study was the beetle Hydroglyphus signatellus Klug, 1834 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) (110). An Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) for Shadegan wetland, Khuzestan Province, Southwest of Iran to assess the risk to zooplankton, phytoplankton, invertebrate, insect larvae, and fish affected by Five pesticides, DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Lindane and Ametryn. Insect larvae (Chironomus sp) like other creature are highly at risk of harmful pesticide were conducted (111). Study on Tajan river macroinvertebrate communities' distribution in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran and south part of Caspian Sea. They realized that the dissolved oxygen, turbidity, water temperature, pH and TSS were the most critical physicochemical factors to affect the distribution of them (112).
Work on the potential aquatic habitats for  (119). A total of 9 families in Shapoor River in Bushehr region during 2012 (120).

Conclusion
This review article will provide a clue for management of vector control as well as indicators for water classification.